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th a center O. Connect each point of a base circle of a cap with center O by a radius of a sphere. All these radiuses form a conical surface with a base circle as a directrix. An original spherical cap and a cone formed as described above constitute a spherical sector. A spherical sector is defined by two parameters - radius of a main sphere R, from which it is a part, and the height of a cap on its top H. For "true" spherical sectors, the ones we will be considering here, height H is smaller or equal to radius R of a main sphere. Since perpendicular from a center of a sphere onto a base circle of a cap falls into a center of this circle, our cone is a right circular one - the only type we considered in this course. Volume of a Sector The radius of the base circle (in terms of the radius of a main sphere R and the height of a spherical cap H) equals, by Pythagorean Theorem, to L = √R²−(R−H)² = √2RH−H² This is a cone's radius. The cone's height is, obviously, R−H. So, the cone's volume is Vcone = πL²(R−H)/3 = = π(2RH−H²)(R−H)/3 = = π(2R²H−3RH²+H³)/3 As we know from the previous lecture about spherical caps, the volume of a cap is Vcap = = πH²(3R−H)/3 From the two formulas for volumes of a cap and a cone we can determine the volume of a spherical sector: Vsector = = πH²(3R−H)/3 + + π(2R²H−3RH²+H³)/3 = = 2πR²H/3 A very short formula indeed! Just for checking, if H=R, our spherical sector occupies exactly half a sphere. The volume of a sphere, as we have determined before, is 4πR³/3. So, half a sphere has a volume 2πR³/3. This is exactly a formula we get from the volume of a spherical sector if H=R. Area of a Dome Recall the technique we used to calculate the area of a sphere Ssphere, knowing its volume Vsphere. We considered a sphere's surface as approximated by an infinitely large number of inscribed polyhedrons, whose faces are infinitely small. Then the volume of a sphere would be approximated by a sum of volumes of all the pyramids obtained by connecting each vertex of each face of each polyhedron with a center of a sphere. Then the volume of a sphere Vsphere would be equal to an area of its surface Ssphere multiplied by one third of its radius R: Vsphere = Ssphere·R/3. This consideration allowed us to derive from a formula for the volume of a sphere - Vsphere=4πR³/3 - its surface area: Ssphere=4πR². Exactly the same considerations connect the area of a dome with a volume of a spherical sector: Vsector = Sdome·R/3. Therefore, 2πR²H/3 = Sdome·R/3 Now we can calculate the area of a dome: Sdome = 2πRH