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sk a volunteer to pick up all three decks, and it will feel to them that the weight of the three decks is exactly what they would expect it to be. If you then ask them to just pick up the top box of cards, they will tell you that it is heavier than all three packs put together! In fact, this is not true. It just seems to be true. And it is a very powerful illusion. How does it work? When we pick up any kind of object, we already have some preconceived idea in our head of how much we expect it to weigh. Now these packs of cards are arranged so that the bottom two decks are filled with Styrofoam, and are extremely light. The top pack has a piece of mild steel inside, and weighs as much as three decks of cards. Now when you lift all three decks, you have an idea in your mind how much they should weigh, and that idea pretty much matches what happens when you pick them all up. However when you pick up the top pack, you are expecting it to weigh about a third of the total weight. In fact it is almost exactly the same weight as the three packs, it is just ever so slightly lighter. However because your brain is expecting it to be so much lighter, it appears that the single pack is much heavier than the three packs combined. Even when you know how it works, it still fools you! This illusion is called the Charpentier illusion, and it was discovered in 1891. So it has been fooling people for a long time! The traditional explanation said that because we expect the larger item to be heavier, we simply exert more force to lift it. However work by J. Randall Flanagan and Michael A. Beltzner at Queen's University, Ontario, Canada showed that something quite complicated is happening. They found that when people repeatedly lifted equally heavy large and small boxes, they quickly learned to exert the correct force so that they could lift each box a controlled distance, in other words their sensorimotor system could learn very quickly how heavy each box really was. However their cognitive/perceptual parts of the brain still reported that the smaller box was heavier! So two different parts of the brain basically are thinking different things. How strange is that?? See http://psyc.queensu.ca/~flanagan/papers/FlaBel_NN_00.pdf See http://www.grand-illusions.com/acatalog/Tim-s-Three-Card-Box-Illusion-733.html