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n our Milky Way galaxy. Large numbers for N, however, are in apparent conflict with observation, a contradiction known as the Fermi paradox, named after Italian-American physicist and 1938 Nobel Prize winner Enrico Fermi. Our speaker, Dr. Pascal Lee, is a planetary scientist at the Mars Institute and at the SETI Institute. He also directs the Haughton-Mars Project at NASA Ames Research Center. He argues that advanced civilizations may well be extremely rare. In fact, Dr. Lee estimates that N ~ 1. Even though planets are plentiful in the Milky Way, and even though life as a natural product of chemical and biological evolution is likely common, the number of advanced civilizations in the Galaxy might be of order 1. Says Dr. Lee: "We might be it in the vastness of our galaxy, or there might be just one other..." Host: Tucker Hiatt Producer: John Navas Organizer: Tinka Ross CONTENTS 00:00:00 Introduction by Tucker Hiatt 00:01:40 Presentation by Dr. Pascal Lee 00:03:13 Galactic Distances 00:11:32 How Many Planets? 00:15:49 The Drake Equation 00:21:49 The Fermi Paradox 00:29:26 R* : Rate of Star Formation 00:31:19 fp : Fraction of Stars with Planets 00:36:02 ne : Number of Environments Suitable for Life 00:57:13 fl : Fraction Where Life Appears 01:08:17 fi : Fraction Evolving Intelligence 01:16:22 fc : Fraction Becoming Advanced Civilizations 01:20:52 L : Longevity of Civilizations 01:26:31 N ~ 1 Summary 01:32:05 Conclusion by Dr. Pascal Lee 01:33:35 Conclusion by Tucker Hiatt LIVE Q&A: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tzv8ZwC9gOk FULL N ~ 1 PLAYLIST: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLv9WnSp4B4V0lwQxFmOznPThpWCnaZsDO Astronomy on Mt. Tamalpais State Park Explore the wonders of the Universe in the Cushing Memorial Amphitheater https://MtTamAstronomy.org